Paul Sabatier (chemist)

For the French clergyman and historian, see Paul Sabatier (theologian).

Paul Sabatier FRS(For) HFRSE
Sabatier in 1912
Born	(1854-11-05)5 November 1854 Carcassonne, France
Died	14 August 1941(1941-08-14) (aged 86) Toulouse, France
Nationality	French
Alma mater	Collège de France École Normale Supérieure
Known for	Heterogeneous catalysis
Awards	Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1912) Davy Medal (1915) Albert Medal (1926) Franklin Medal (1933)
Scientific career
Fields	Inorganic chemistry
Institutions	Collège de France University of Bordeaux University of Toulouse
Doctoral advisor	Marcellin Berthelot

Paul Sabatier (French: [sabatje]; 5 November 1854 – 14 August 1941) was a French chemist, born in Carcassonne. In 1912, Sabatier was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Victor Grignard. Sabatier was honoured for his work improving the hydrogenation of organic species in the presence of metals.

Education

Sabatier studied at the École Normale Supérieure, starting in 1874. Three years later, he graduated at the top of his class. In 1880, he was awarded a Doctor of Science degree from the College de France.

In 1883 Sabatier succeeded Édouard Filhol at the Faculty of Science, and began a long collaboration with Jean-Baptiste Senderens, so close that it was impossible to distinguish the work of either man. They jointly published 34 notes in the Accounts of the Academy of Science, 11 memoirs in the Bulletin of the French Chemical Society and 2 joint memoirs to the Annals of Chemistry and Physics.

After the discovery of nickel tetracarbonyl in 1890 they tried to synthesize similar compound with nitrogen oxides, but only discovered different types of oxidation. As late as 1912, Sabatier believed that it's possible to get "true nitro metals" with dinitrogen tetroxide, but it was later proven that these were not real chemical compounds but just metal oxides with nitrogen dioxide physically absorbed on them.

In 1896 Henri Moissan and Charles Moureu discovered that acetylene reacts with some transition metals. Bearing in mind Prosper de Wilde (1835-1916) hydrogenated acetylene on platinum black in 1874, Sabatier and Senderens picked up the topic and continued investigations in the area.

The methanation reactions of COx were first discovered by Sabatier and Senderens in 1902. Sabatier and Senderen shared the Academy of Science's Jecker Prize in 1905 for their discovery of the Sabatier–Senderens Process.

After 1905–06 Senderens and Sabatier published few joint works, perhaps due to the classic problem of recognition of the merit of contributions to joint work. Sabatier taught science classes most of his life before he became Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of Toulouse in 1905.

Research

Sabatier's earliest research concerned the thermochemistry of sulfur and metallic sulfates, the subject for the thesis leading to his doctorate. In Toulouse, he continued his physical and chemical investigations to sulfides, chlorides, chromates and copper compounds. He also studied the oxides of nitrogen and nitrosodisulfonic acid and its salts and carried out fundamental research on partition coefficients and absorption spectra. Sabatier greatly facilitated the industrial use of hydrogenation. In 1897, building on the recent biochemical work of the American chemist, James Boyce, he discovered that the introduction of a trace amount of nickel (as a catalyst) facilitated the addition of hydrogen to molecules of most carbon compounds.

Sabatier reaction

Sabatier is best known for the Sabatier process and his works such as La Catalyse en Chimie Organique (Catalysis in organic chemistry) which was published in 1913. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with fellow Frenchman Victor Grignard in 1912.

The reduction of carbon dioxide using hydrogen at high temperature and pressure is another use of nickel catalyst to produce methane.

${\begin{matrix}{}\\{\ce {{CO2}+4H2->[Catalyst+400\ ^{\circ }{\ce {C}}][{\ce {pressure}}]{CH4}+2H2O}}\\{}\end{matrix}}$

∆H = −165.0 kJ/mol

(some initial energy/heat is required to start the reaction)

Sabatier principle

He is also known for the Sabatier principle of catalysis.

Personal life

Sabatier's office desk and collection of chemicals at the University of Toulouse

Sabatier was married and had four daughters, one of whom wed the Italian chemist Emilio Pomilio.

The Paul Sabatier University in Toulouse, France is named in honour of Paul Sabatier, as is one of Carcassonne's high schools. Paul Sabatier was a co-founder of the Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse, together with the mathematician Thomas Joannes Stieltjes.

Sabatier died on 14 August, 1941 in Toulouse at the age of 86.

See also

• Timeline of hydrogen technologies

External links

• "Paul Sabatier (to 150th anniversary of his birthday)". Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 77 (11): 1909–1912. 2004. doi:10.1007/s11167-005-0190-6. S2CID 195233988.
• Rideal, E. K. (1951). "Presidential address. Concepts in catalysis. The contributions of Paul Sabatier and of Max Bodenstein". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 1640–1647. doi:10.1039/JR9510001640.
• Taylor, H. (1944). "Paul Sabatier 1854–1941". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 66 (10): 1615–1617. Bibcode:1944JAChS..66.1615T. doi:10.1021/ja01238a600.
• Paul Sabatier on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1912 The Method of Direct Hydrogenation by Catalysis