Jump to content

List of wars involving Finland

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about wars involving independent Finland. For wars during Russian rule (1809–1917), see list of wars involving Russia. For wars during Swedish rule (1249–1809), see list of wars involving Sweden. For wars prior to Swedish rule, see early Finnish wars.

This is a list of wars involving Finland since its declaration of independence on 6 December 1917.

List

[edit]
Conflict Party 1 Party 2 Result Finnish leaders Finnish losses
(dead or missing)
Head of State Chief of Defence
Finnish Civil War
(1918)
Finnish Whites victory
Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
C. G. E. Mannerheim
~30,000[2]
(Reds and Whites)
Heimosodat
(1918–1922)
 United Kingdom (Estonian War of Independence)
(Viena expedition and Petsamo expeditions) 		Treaty of Tartu
  • Finnish victory in Estonia and annexation of Petsamo
  • Soviet victory in White Karelia, Aunus, Petrograd and East Karelia
K. J. Ståhlberg
Karl Fredrik Wilkama
~550
Winter War
(1939–1940)
Part of the European theatre of World War II 		 Finland  Soviet Union Moscow Peace Treaty
Kyösti Kallio
C. G. E. Mannerheim
25,904[3]
Continuation War
(1941–1944)
Part of the Eastern Front of World War II 		 Finland
 Germany
Naval support:
 Italy[a] 		 Soviet Union
Air support:
 United Kingdom[7] 		Defeat [8]
Risto Ryti
63,204[10]
Lapland War
(1944–1945)
Part of the Second World War 		Finland Finland
Minor air support:
Soviet Union Soviet Union[c] 		Nazi Germany Germany Victory
  • German retreat from Finnish territory
C. G. E. Mannerheim
1,036[16]
War in Afghanistan
(2009–2021) 		 Afghanistan
 Afghanistan Taliban Defeat
  • Taliban retakes Afghanistan
Tarja Halonen
Sauli Niinistö
Juhani Kaskeala
Ari Puheloinen
Jarmo Lindberg
2[17]
War in Iraq
(2013–2017) 		 Iraq[18]

Kurdistan Region[18]

Allied groups:

Others:
 Iran
 Hezbollah
Syria Syria[21]

CJTF–OIR
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Canada[22][23]
 Australia[24]
 France
 Italy
 Netherlands
 New Zealand[25]
 Finland[26]
 Denmark[27]

 Islamic State Islamic State

Ba'athist Iraq Naqshbandi Army (2013 –15)
Anbar Tribal Council (2013 –15)
GMCIR (2014)
Army of Pride and Dignity[28]
Free Iraqi Army (2012–14)
Islamic Army in Iraq (2013 –14)

Victory
  • Iraqi and allied victory against ISIL
Sauli Niinistö
Jarmo Lindberg
None

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Including conspirative co-operation between Germany and Russian Bolsheviks 1914–1918, Pipes 1996, pp. 113–149, Lackman 2009, pp. 48–57, McMeekin 2017, pp. 125–136
  2. ^ National Archive
  3. ^ Finnish detailed death casualties: Dead, buried 16,766; Wounded, died of wounds 3,089; Dead, not buried, later declared as dead 3,503; Missing, declared as dead 1,712; Died as a prisoner of war 20; Other reasons (diseases, accidents, suicides) 677; Unknown 137.
  4. ^ Zapotoczny 2017, p. 123.
  5. ^ Clements 2012, p. 210.
  6. ^ Sturtivant 1990, p. 86.
  7. ^ The United Kingdom formally declared war on Finland on 6 December 1941 along with four Commonwealth states largely for appearances' sake.[5] Before that, the British conducted a carrier raid at Petsamo on 31 July 1941,[6] and commenced Operation Benedict to support air raids in the Murmansk area and train Soviet crews for roughly a month from September to October in 1941
  8. ^ Mouritzen, Hans (1997). External Danger and Democracy: Old Nordic Lessons and New European Challenges. Dartmouth. p. 35. ISBN 1-85521-885-2.
  9. ^ Jakobson 1969, pp. 45–47.
  10. ^ Finnish detailed death casualties: Dead, buried 33,565; Wounded, died of wounds 12,820; Dead, not buried later declared as dead 4,251; Missing, declared as dead 3,552; Died as prisoners of war 473; Other reasons (diseases, accidents, suicides) 7,932; Unknown 611
  11. ^ Gebhardt 1989, pp. 2–4.
  12. ^ Ziemke 2002, pp. 391–401.
  13. ^ Jowett & Snodgrass 2012, p. 16.
  14. ^ Zabecki 2015, p. 1552.
  15. ^ Jaques 2007, p. 792.
  16. ^ Ahto 1980, p. 296.
  17. ^ "OEF: Afghanistan: Fatalities By Year". icasualties.org. 9 September 2005. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
  18. ^ a b Beaumont, Peter (12 June 2014). "How effective is Isis compared with the Iraqi army and Kurdish peshmerga?". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  19. ^ a b "YNK: PKK and YPG are fighting in Şengal and Rabia against ISIS". 6 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  20. ^ Vager Saadullah (14 October 2015). "Politics Keep Syrian Kurdish Troops From Fighting in Their Homeland. Never mind Islamic State—one faction rejects another's fighters". Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  21. ^ "Syria pounds ISIS bases in coordination with Iraq". Daily Star. 15 June 2014.
  22. ^ "Seven Countries to sell weapons to Kurds". BasNews. 14 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  23. ^ "Operation IMPACT". Government of Canada. 19 August 2014.
  24. ^ Adam Vidler (31 August 2014). "Australia to take up military role in Iraq conflict". Retrieved 2014-08-31.
  25. ^ https://www.nzdf.mil.nz/assets/Uploads/DocumentLibrary/ArmyNews_Issue544.pdf
  26. ^ "Involvement of Finnish SOF in the Battle of Mosul. Dutch government report" (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands.[dead link‍]
  27. ^ "Enhedslisten støtter dansk våbenfly til kurdere i Irak" (in Danish). DR. DR. 24 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  28. ^ "Iraq's Sunnis Form Tribal Army, as Sectarian Violence Builds". NPR.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Italian participation was limited to the four motor torpedo boats of the XII Squadriglia MAS serving in the international Naval Detachment K on Lake Ladoga during the summer and autumn of 1942.[4]
  2. ^ On 19 September 1955, Finland and the Soviet Union signed an agreement to return the Porkkala Peninsula to Finland. In January 1956, 12 years after its lease to the USSR, the Soviets withdrew from their naval base on Porkkala and the peninsula was returned to Finnish sovereignty.[9]
  3. ^ Minor air support in Operation Tanne Ost only. Further extent of Soviet belligerence in the Lapland War is debatable. Gebhardt and Ziemke mention the German withdrawal from Lapland and Finnmark, as well as the Soviet Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive as operations of the Second World War that were either strategically overlapping or as a continuum of events without a clear stance.[11][12] Jowett and Snodgrass write about the war as a conflict between German and Finnish troops, but include the offensive in the war's timeline.[13] Zabecki begins by mentioning that Lapland extends to Norway and the Soviet Union. He states that the "Finnish War of Lapland" started between Finland and Germany, but links the Soviet offensive to it.[14] Jaques writes of the offensive as a part of the war in a dictionary of battles.[15]

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Ahto, Sampo (1980). Aseveljet vastakkain – Lapin sota 1944–1945 [Brothers in Arms Opposing Each Other – Lapland War 1944–1945] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Kirjayhtymä. ISBN 978-951-26-1726-5.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_Finland&oldid=1284079262"